| Stanislaw Leszczynski |
|
| Born |
October 20, 1677(1677-10-20) |
| in |
Lwów, Ukraine |
| Died |
January 23, 1766 (aged 88) |
| in |
Lunéville, France |
| Buried |
First at Notre-Dame de Bon-Secours in Nancy, France,
finally at Wawel, Kraków, Poland |
|
|
| Reign |
1. 1704 2. 1733
to 1. 1709 2. 1736 |
| Coronation |
October 4, 1705
in St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw |
|
|
| Family or dynasty |
Leszczynski |
| Coat of Arms |
Wieniawa. |
| Parents |
Rafal Leszczynski
Anna Jablonowska |
| Marriage and children |
with Katarzyna Opalinska:
Anna Leszczynska,
Maria Leszczynska |
Stanislaw I Leszczynski (October 20, 1677 – February 23, 1766) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Lorraine and count of the empire (bestowed by Emperor Frederick III on the Leszczynski family).
Born at Lwów in 1677, he was the son of Rafal Leszczynski, voivode of Poznan Voivodeship, and Anna Katarzyna Jablonowska. He married Katarzyna Opalinska, by whom he had a daughter, Maria, who became Queen-Consort of France as wife of Louis XV. In 1697, as Cupbearer of Poland, he signed the confirmation of the articles of election of August II the Strong. In 1703 he joined the Lithuanian Confederation, which the Sapiehas with the aid of Swedish gold had formed against August.
King for the first time
During his first reign before 1709
The following year, Stanislaw was selected by Charles XII of Sweden after a successful Swedish invasion of Poland, to supersede Augustus II, who was hostile towards the Swedes. Leszczynski was a young man of blameless antecedents, respectable talents, and came from an ancient family, but certainly without sufficient force of character or political influence to sustain himself on so unstable a throne.
Nevertheless, with the assistance of a bribing fund and an army corps, the Swedes succeeded in procuring his election by a scratch assembly of half a dozen castellans and a few score of gentlemen on July 12, 1704. A few months later, Stanislaw was forced by a sudden inroad of August to seek refuge in the Swedish camp, but finally on September 24, 1705, he was crowned king with great splendor. Charles himself supplied his nominee with a new crown and scepter in lieu of the ancient Polish regalia, which had been carried off to Saxony by August. The new king's first act was to cement an alliance with Charles XII whereby Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth engaged to assist Sweden against the Russian tsar. Stanislaw did what he could to assist his patron. Thus, he induced Ivan Mazepa, the Cossack hetman, to desert Peter at the most critical period of the war, and Stanislaw placed a small army corps at the disposal of the Swedes. But Stanislaw depended so entirely on the success of Charles' arms that after the Battle of Poltava (1709) Stanislaw's authority vanished as a dream at the first touch of reality. During this period Stanislaw resided in the town of Rydzyna.
First loss of the throne
King Stanislaw Leszczynski and his family
The vast majority of Poles hastened to repudiate Stanislaw and make their peace with August. Henceforth a mere pensioner of Charles XII, Stanislaw accompanied Krassow's army corps in its retreat to Swedish Pomerania. On the restoration of August, Stanislaw resigned the Polish Crown (though he retained the royal title) in exchange for the little principality of Zweibrücken. In 1716, an assassination was attempted by a Saxon officer, Lacroix, but Stanislaw was saved by Stanislaw Poniatowski, father of the future king. Leszczynski then resided at Wissembourg in Alsace 1725 had the satisfaction of seeing his daughter Maria become the consort of Louis XV and queen of France. From 1725 to 1733, Stanislaw lived at Chateau Chambord.
King for the second time
His son-in-law Louis XV supported his claims to the Polish throne after the death of August II the Strong in 1733, which led to the War of the Polish Succession. In September 1733, Stanislaw himself arrived at Warsaw, having traveled night and day through central Europe disguised as a coachman. On the following day, despite many protests, Stanislaw was duly elected King of Poland for the second time. However, Russia was opposed to any nominee of France and Sweden. Russia protested against his election at once, in favor of the new Elector of Saxony, as being the candidate of her Austrian ally.
On June 30, 1734, a Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacy, after proclaiming August III the Saxon at Warsaw, proceeded to besiege Stanislaw at Danzig, where he was entrenched with his partisans (including the Primate and the French and Swedish ministers) to await the relief that had been promised by France.
The siege began in October 1734. On March 17, 1735, Marshal Münnich superseded Peter Lacy, and on May 20 the long-expected French fleet appeared and disembarked 2,400 men on Westerplatte. A week later, this little army gallantly attempted to force the Russian entrenchments, but was finally compelled to surrender. This was the first time that France and Russia had met as foes in the field. On June 30, Danzig capitulated unconditionally, after sustaining a siege of 135 days which cost the Russians 8,000 men.
Disguised as a peasant, Stanislaw had contrived to escape two days before. He reappeared at Königsberg, whence he issued a manifesto to his partisans which resulted in the formation of a confederation on his behalf, and the despatch of a Polish envoy to Paris to urge France to invade Saxony with at least 40,000 men. In Ukraine too, Count Nicholas Potocki kept on foot to support Stanislaw a motley host of 50,000 men, which was ultimately scattered by the Russians.
Final loss of the throne
Medal commemorating the free election of Stanislaw Leszczynski in 1733
On January 26, 1736, Stanislaw again abdicated the throne, but received in compensation the Duchy of Lorraine and Bar, which was to revert to France on his death. In 1738 he sold his estates of Rydzyna and Leszno to Count (later Prince) Alexander Joseph Sulkowski. He settled at Lunéville, founded there the Academia Stanislaw and devoted himself for the rest of his life to science and philanthropy, enaging most notably in controversy with Rousseau.
He died in 1766, aged 88. His works include Oeuvres du philosophe bienfaisant, Paris, 1763, 1866.
Ancestors
Gallery
Castle in Rydzyna was rebuilt in 1700 by Pompeo Ferrari on his order.
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Place Stanislas in Nancy was constructed between 1751 and 1755 .
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Église Saint-Jacques in Lunéville was established by him in 1745.
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See also
External links
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopćdia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
| Persondata |
| NAME |
Leszczynski, Stanislaw |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES |
|
| SHORT DESCRIPTION |
King of Poland |
| DATE OF BIRTH |
October 20, 1677 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH |
Lwów, Poland |
| DATE OF DEATH |
February 23, 1766 |
| PLACE OF DEATH |
Lunéville, France |
| |
