|
Soy sauce (US), soya sauce (Commonwealth), or shoyu (Japan) is a fermented sauce made from soybeans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. Soy sauce was invented in China, where it has been used as a condiment for close to 2,500 years. In its various forms it is widely used in East and Southeast Asian cuisines and increasingly appears in Western cuisine and prepared foods.
Production
Traditional
Authentic soy sauces are made by mixing the grain and/or soybeans with yeast or koji (?, the mold Aspergillus oryzae or A. sojae) and other related microorganisms. Traditionally soy sauces were fermented under natural conditions, such as in giant urns and under the sun, which was believed to contribute to additional flavours. Today, most of the commercially-produced counterparts are fermented under machine-controlled environments instead.
Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids used to season food while cooking or at the table. Soy sauce has a distinct basic taste called umami by the Japanese (??, literally "fresh taste"). Umami was first identified as a basic taste in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University. The free glutamates which naturally occur in soy sauce are what give it this taste quality.
Soy sauce should be stored away from direct sunlight.
Artificially hydrolyzed
Many cheaper brands of soy sauces are made from hydrolyzed soy protein instead of brewed from natural bacterial and fungal cultures. These soy sauces do not have the natural color of authentic soy sauces and are typically colored with caramel coloring, and are popular in Southeast Asia and China, and are exported to Asian markets around the globe. They are derogatorily called Chemical Soy Sauce "????" in Chinese, but despite this name are the most widely used type because they are cheap. Similar products are also sold as "liquid aminos" in the US and Canada.
Some artificial soy sauces posed potential health risks due to their content of the chloropropanols carcinogens 3-MCPD (3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) and all artificial soy sauces pose health risks due to the unregulated 1,3-DCP (1,3-dichloro-2-propanol) which are minor byproducts of the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis [1].
Types
Soy sauce has been integrated into the traditional cuisines of many East Asian and South East Asian cultures. Soy sauce is widely used as a particularly important flavoring in Japanese, Thai, and Chinese cuisine. However, it is important to note that despite its rather similar appearance, soy sauces produced in different cultures and regions are very different in taste, consistency, fragrance and saltiness. As such, it may not be appropriate to substitute soy sauces of one culture or region for another.
Chinese soy sauce
A bottle of Chinese soy sauce, artificially hydrolyzed, as clearly evident from the discoloration of the bottle due to addition of caramel coloring to mask the production method
Chinese soy sauce (simplified Chinese: ??; traditional Chinese: ??; pinyin: jingyu; or ?? chiyu) is primarily made from soybeans, with relatively low amounts of other grains. There are two main varieties:
- Light or fresh soy sauce (?? shengchou; or ?? "jing qing"; ): A thin (non-viscous), opaque, dark brown soy sauce. It is the main soy sauce used for seasoning, since it is saltier, but it also adds flavour. Since it is lighter in color, it does not greatly affect the color of the dish. The light soy sauce made from the first pressing of the soybeans is called tuchou (simplified Chinese: ??; traditional Chinese: ??), which can be loosely translated as first soy sauce or referred to as premium light soy sauce. Touchou is sold at a premium because, like extra virgin olive oil, the flavor of the first pressing is considered superior. An additional classification of light soy sauce, shuanghung (??), is double-fermented to add further complexity to the flavour. These latter two more delicate types are usually for dipping.
- Dark/old soy sauce (?? laochou) : A darker and slightly thicker soy sauce that is aged longer and contains added molasses to give it its distinctive appearance. This variety is mainly used during cooking since its flavour develops under heating. It has a richer, slightly sweeter, and less salty flavour than light soy sauce. Dark soy sauce is partly used to add color and flavour to a dish.
In traditional Chinese cooking, one of the two types, or a mixture of both, is employed to achieve a particular flavour and colour for the dish.
Other types:
- Thick soy sauce (??? jingyugao): Dark soy sauce that has been thickened with starch and sugar. It is also occasionally flavored with MSG. This sauce is not usually used directly in cooking but more often as a dipping sauce or poured on food as a flavorful addition.
- Dark soy paste (?? hungjing): Although not really a soy sauce, it is another salty soy product. It is one of the main ingredients in a dish called zhajiang mian ???, lit. "fried paste noodles").
Japanese soy sauce
Koyo organic tamari sauce
Buddhist monks introduced soy sauce into Japan in the 7th century, where it is known as "shoyu". The Japanese word "tamari" is derived from the verb "tamaru" that signifies "to accumulate," referring to the fact that tamari was traditionally from the liquid byproduct produced during the fermentation of miso. Japan is the leading producer of tamari.
Japanese soy sauce or sho-yu (????, or ??), is traditionally divided into 5 main categories depending on differences in their ingredients and method of production. Japanese soy sauces include wheat as a primary ingredient and this tends to give them a slightly sweeter taste than their Chinese counterparts. They also have an alcoholic sherry-like flavor. Not all soy sauces are interchangeable.
- Koikuchi (??, Koikuchi?)
- Originating in the Kanto region, its usage eventually spread all over Japan. Over 80% of the Japanese domestic soy sauce production is of koikuchi, and can be considered the typical Japanese soy sauce. It is produced from roughly equal quantities of soybean and wheat. This variety is also called kijoyu (???) or namashoyu (?????) when it is not pasteurized.
- Usukuchi (??, Usukuchi?)
- Particularly popular in the Kansai region of Japan, it is both saltier and lighter in color than koikuchi. The lighter color arises from the usage of amazake, a sweet liquid made from fermented rice, that is used in its production.
- Tamari (???, Tamari?)
- Produced mainly in the Chubu region of Japan, tamari is darker in appearance and richer in flavour than koikuchi. It contains little or no wheat; wheat-free tamari is popular among people eating a wheat free diet. It is the "original" Japanese soy sauce, as its recipe is closest to the soy sauce originally introduced to Japan from China. Technically, this variety is known as miso-damari (????), as this is the liquid that runs off miso as it matures.
- Shiro (?, Shiro? "white")
- A very light colored soy sauce. In contrast to "tamari" soy sauce, "shiro" soy sauce uses mostly wheat and very little soybean, lending it a light appearance and sweet taste. It is more commonly used in the Kansai region to highlight the appearances of food, for example sashimi.
- Saishikomi (???, Saishikomi? "twice-brewed")
- This variety substitutes previously-made koikuchi for the brine normally used in the process. Consequently, it is much darker and more strongly flavored. This type is also known as kanro shoyu (????) or "sweet shoyu".
Shoyu (koikuchi) and light colored shoyu (usukuchi) as sold in Japan by Kikkoman, 1 litre bottles.
Newer varieties of Japanese soy sauce include:
- Gen'en (??, Gen'en? "reduced salt")
- Low-salt soy sauces also exist, but are not considered to be a separate variety of soy sauce, since the reduction in salt content is a process performed outside of the standard manufacture of soy sauce.
- Amakuchi (??, Amakuchi?)
- Called "Hawaiian soy sauce" in those few parts of the US familiar with it, this is a variant of "koikuchi" soy sauce.
All of these varieties are sold in the marketplace in three different grades according to how they were produced:
- Honjozo hoshiki (??? ??, Honjozo hoshiki?)
- Contains 100% naturally fermented product.
- Shinshiki hoshiki (?? ??, Shinshiki hoshiki?)
- Contains 30-50% naturally fermented product.
- Tennen jozo (?? ??, Tennen jozo?)
- Means no added ingredients except alcohol.
All the varieties and grades may be sold according to three official levels of quality:
- Hyojun (??, Hyojun?)
- Standard pasteurized.
- Tokkyu (??, Tokkyu?)
- Special quality, not pasteurized.
- Tokusen (??, Tokusen?)
- Premium quality, usually implies limited quantity.
Other terms unrelated to the three official levels of quality:
- Hatsuakane (??, Hatsuakane?)
- Refers to industrial grade used for flavoring, powder.
- Chotokusen (???, Chotokusen?)
- Used by marketers to imply the best.
Perhaps the most well-known producer of Japanese soy sauce is the Kikkoman Corporation.
Taiwanese soy sauce
The history of soy sauce making in Taiwan can be traced back to southeastern China, in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. Later, the cultural and political separation between Taiwan and China since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, when China ceded Taiwan to Japan, brought changes to traditional Chinese soy sauce making in Taiwan. Some of the top Taiwanese makers, such as Wan Ja Shan, Wei-Wong and Ve-Chung have adopted the more sophisticated Japanese technology in making soy sauce for the domestic market and more recently foreign markets as well.
Korean soy sauce
Korean soy sauce, (called Joseon ganjang, ????, in Korean) is a byproduct of the production of doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste). Joseon ganjang, thin and dark brown in color, is made entirely of soy and brine, and has a saltiness that varies according to the producer. Wide scale use of Joseon ganjang has been somewhat superseded by cheaper factory-made Japanese style soy sauce, called waeganjang (hangul: ???/???). Currently, Korean soy sauce is made from dripping soy sauce chicken into a pan. This process is widely used because in the process of making soy sauce, you get the benefit of regular chicken. According to the 2001 national food consumption survey in Korea, traditional fermented ganjang comprised only 1.4% of soy sauce purchases.[2]
Vietnamese soy sauce
Vietnamese soy sauce is called x d?u, nu?c tuong, or sometimes simply tuong.
Indonesian soy sauce
Kecap manis Indonesian thick and sweet soy sauce is nearly as thick as molasses.
In Indonesia, soy sauce is known as kecap (or ketjap) (a catchall term for fermented sauces) from which according to one theory the English word "ketchup" is derived. Two main varieties exist:
- Kecap asin
- Salty soy sauce, which is very similar to Chinese light soy sauce, but usually somewhat thicker and has a stronger flavor; it can be replaced by light Chinese soy sauce in recipes.
- Kecap manis
- Sweet soy sauce, which has a thick, almost syrupy consistency and a pronounced sweet, treacle-like flavor due to generous addition of palm sugar. It is a unique variety; in a pinch, it may be replaced by molasses with a little vegetable stock stirred in.
Kecap inggris ("English fermented sauce"), or saus inggris ("English sauce") is the Indonesian name for Worcestershire sauce. Kecap Ikan is Indonesian fish sauce.
Malaysian soy sauce
In Singapore and Malaysia, soy sauce in general is duyu (??); dark soy sauce is called jingyu (??) and light soy sauce is jingqing (??). Angmoh tauyew (????, lit. "foreigners' soy sauce") is the Hokkien name for Worcestershire sauce.
Malaysia, which has cultural links with Indonesia, uses the word 'kicap' for soy sauce. Kicap is traditionally of two types: kicap lemak and kicap cair. Kicap lemak is similar to kecap manis but with very much less sugar while kicap cair is the Malaysian equivalent of kecap asin.
Filipino toyo
A popular condiment in the Philippines, it is called toyo (pronounced TOH-yoh), and is usually found beside other sauces such as patis (fish sauce, pronounced pah-TEES) and suka (sugar cane vinegar, pronounced SOO-kah). The flavor of Filipino soy sauce, made from soybeans, wheat, salt, and caramel, is interestingly milder compared to its Asian counterparts--possibly an adaptation to the demands of the Filipino palate and its cuisine. It is thinner in texture and has a saltier taste compared to its Southeast Asian counterparts, much more similar to the Japanese shoyu. It is used as a staple condiment to flavor many cooked dishes and as a marinade during cooking, it is also a table condiment, and is usually mixed and served with kalamansi (a small Asian citrus-lime). Popular Philippine brands are Marca Pia, Silver Swan, Lauriat, Datu Puti, Toyomansi and UFC (Universal Food Public Company).
Hawaiian shoyu
A unique type of soy sauce produced by Aloha Shoyu Company since 1946 is a special blend of soybeans, wheat, and salt, historically common among local Hawaii residents. Hawaii residents rarely use the term "soy sauce," opting to use the Japanese loanword "shoyu" instead. However, while the Japanese word shoyu is pronounced like show you, Hawaii residents prounounce the word like shoi-yu.
Health
[] Positive
A study by National University of Singapore shows that Chinese dark soy sauce contains 10 times the antioxidants of red wine, and can help prevent cardiovascular diseases.[3] Soy sauce is rich in lactic acid bacteria and of excellent anti-allergic potential. [4][5]
Negative
Soy sauce does not contain the beneficial isoflavones associated with other soy products such as tofu or edamame.[citation needed] It can also be very salty, so it may not be a suitable condiment for people on a low sodium diet. Low-sodium soy sauces are produced, but it is impossible to make soy sauce without using some quantity of salt.
In order to evade conscription in Japan during World War II, people were known to drink large quantities of soy sauce to damage their kidneys from excessive salt.[citation needed]
Carcinogens in artificial soy sauces
- In 2001 the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency found in tests of various low-grade soy sauces (those made from hydrolyzed soy protein, rather than being naturally fermented) that some 22% of samples contained a chemical called 3-MCPD (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol) at levels considerably higher than those deemed safe by the European Union. About two-thirds of these samples also contained a second chemical called 1,3-DCP (1,3-dichloropropane-2-ol) which experts advise should not be present at any levels in food. Both chemicals have the potential to cause cancer and the Agency recommended that the affected products be withdrawn from shelves and avoided.[1] Furthermore, the latter unregulated chemical can cause genetic damage to be passed on to offspring who never consumed the sauces[6]
warn against a small number of soy sauce products having been shown to contain high levels of potentially cancer-causing chemicals. The leaflet singled out brands and products (some by batch numbers) imported from Thailand, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Although the leaflet primarily looked at soy sauce, the leaflet do include oyster sauce, marinades and other types of sauces, that affected the brands Golden Mountain, King Imperial, Pearl River Bridge, Jammy Chai, Lee Kum Kee, Golden Mark, Kimlan, Golden Swan, Sinsin, Tung Chun and Wanjasham. Despite these being small in number in the UK, they are the dominant brands in their respective nations.
- In 2006, Certain batches of Marca Pina Soy Sauce (1 litre) have been found to be contaminated with levels of (3-MCPD) above EU statutory limits. According to the label, the affected brand of Soy sauce was manufactured in the Philippines by Pinakamasarap Corporation.
- In Vietnam, 3-MCPD was found in toxic levels (In 2004, the HCM City Institute of Hygiene and Public Health found 33 of 41 sample of soya sauce with high rates of 3-MCPD, including six samples with up to 11,000 to 18,000 times more 3-MPCD than permitted, an increase over 23 to 5,644 times in 2001) [8] in soy sauces there in 2007, along with formaldehyde in the national dish Pho, and banned pesticides in vegetables and fruits. A prominent newspaper Thanh Nien Daily commented, "Health agencies have known that Vietnamese soy sauce, the country's second most popular sauce after fish sauce, has been chock full of cancer agents since at least 2001," [9]
- In Australia, in March 2008, carcinogens were found in soy sauces there, and were advised to avoid soy sauce. [10]
Soy sauce and allergies
- Further information: Soy allergy
Most varieties of soy sauce also contain wheat. Individuals with a wheat allergy, Celiac disease, or a gluten intolerance should avoid this condiment and dishes seasoned with soy sauce.[1]
References
| |
