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Solidarity (Polish: Solidarnosc (help·info) IPA: [s?li'darn??t??]; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" — Niezalezny Samorzadny Zwiazek Zawodowy "Solidarnosc" IPA: [?eza'l??n? sam?'??ndn? 'zvj?~z?k zav?'d?v? s?li'darn??t??]) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdansk Shipyard, and originally led by Lech Walesa.
It was the first non-communist trade union in a communist country. In the 1980s it constituted a broad anti-communist social movement. The government attempted to destroy the union during the period of martial law in the early 1980s and several years of repression, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. The Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Walesa was elected President of Poland. Since then it has become a more traditional trade union.
History
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Solidarity was founded in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards, where Lech Walesa and others formed a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church[2] to members of the anti-communist Left. Solidarity advocated nonviolence in its members' activities.[3][4] In September 1981 Solidarity's first national congress elected Lech Walesa as a president[5] and adopted a republican program, the "Self-governing Republic"[6]. The government attempted to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repression, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union.
In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki was elected Prime Minister. Since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) won the parliamentary election in 1997, but lost the following 2001 election. Currently, as a political party Solidarity has little political influence in modern Polish politics.
Catholic social teaching
In Solicitudo Rei Socialis, a major document of Catholic Social Teaching, Pope John Paul II identifies the concept of solidarity with the poor and marginalized as a constitutive element of the Gospel and human participation in the common good. The Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of Pope John Paul II, was a very powerful supporter of the union and was greatly responsible for its success.
Influence abroad
The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the USSR ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime, but the whole of the Eastern bloc. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party, which had bloodily ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader Soviet communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring with Soviet-led invasions.
Solidarity's influence led to the intensification and spread of anti-communist ideals and movements throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc, weakening their communist governments. The 1989 elections in Poland where anti-communist candidates won a striking victory sparked off a succession of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe[2] known as the Revolutions of 1989 (Jesien Ludów). Solidarity's example was in various ways repeated by opposition groups throughout the Eastern Bloc, eventually leading to the Eastern Bloc's effectual dismantling, and contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the early 1990s.
In late 2008, several democratic opposition groups in the Russian Federation formed a Solidarity movement.
Organization
Gdansk on 25th anniversary of Solidarity, summer 2005.
Formed in 1981, the union's supreme powers were vested in a legislative body, the Convention of Delegates (Zjazd Delegatów). The executive branch was the National Coordinating Commission (Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza), later renamed the National Commission (Komisja Krajowa). The Union had a regional structure, comprising 38 regions (region) and two districts (okreg). During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect 1983 under Jaruzelski. After a one year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (Canada, United States, South Africa, Germany, Switzerland).
Solidarity was organized as an industrial union, or more specifically according to the One Big Union principle, along the lines of the Industrial Workers of the World and the Spanish Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (workers in every trade were organized by region, rather than by craft).[7]
Currently, Solidarity has more than 1.1 million members. National Commission of Independent Self-Governing Trade Union is located in Gdansk and is composed of Delegates from Regional General Congresses.
Chairmen
References
- ^ "WHAT IS THE NSZZ SOLIDARNOSC ?". Solidarnosc.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-06.
- ^ a b Steger, Manfred B (January 2004). Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists, Routledge (UK). pp.p114. ISBN 0-415-93397-8, http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0415933978&id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&sig=GWuOXmZbZewMdElsBsmhZh7uTFY. Retrieved on 9 July 2006.
- ^ Paul Wehr, Guy Burgess, Heidi Burgess, ed. (February 1993). Justice Without Violence, Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.p28. ISBN 1-55587-491-6, http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=1555874916&id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&lpg=PA29&pg=PA28&sig=ot7HF0E-YXDJQ8_zMpuVSuvl8Ig. Retrieved on 6 July 2006.
- ^ Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John (January 2001). Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response, Xlibris Corporation. pp.p68. ISBN 0-7388-3864-0, http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0738838640&id=_P9owylILP4C&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&sig=a531pYBFmXgNUIeXQ-PguOVwrts. Retrieved on 6 July 2006.
- ^ KALENDARIUM NSZZ „SOLIDARNOSC” 1980–1989PDF (185 KiB). Last accessed on 15 October 2006 (Polish)
- ^ Piotr Glinski, The Self-governing Republic in the Third Republic, “Polish Sociological Review”, 2006, no.1
- ^ (Polish) Solidarnosc NSZZ in WIEM Encyklopedia. Last accessed on 10 October 2006
External links
- Solidarity official English homepage
- Presentation The Solidarity Phenomenon (PL, EN, DE, FR, ES, RU)
- FAES The Polish trade Union Solidarity and the European idea of freedom
- Solidarity 25th Anniversary Press Center
- International Conference 'From Solidarity to Freedom'
- Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement
- The Birth of Solidarity on BBC
- Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980-81
- The rise of Solidarnosc, Colin Barker, International Socialism, Issue: 108
- Arch Puddington, How American Unions Helps Solidarity Win
- Solidarity Lost, by Daniel Singer
- (Polish) Solidarity Center Fundation - Fundacja Centrum Solidarnosci
- A Simple Way to Learn an Old Song A radio programme about the song "Mury", the anthem of Solidarnosc. In Russian with English transcript
Further reading
- Staniszkis, Jadwiga (1984). Poland's Self-Limiting Revolution, Princeton University Press.
- Garton Ash, Timothy (2002). The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09568-6.
- Eringer, Robert (1982). Strike for Freedom: The Story of Lech Walesa and Polish Solidarity, Dodd Mead. ISBN 0-396-08065-0.
- Kaminski, Marek M. (2004). Games Prisoners Play, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11721-7, http://webfiles.uci.edu/mkaminsk/www/book.html.
- Kenney, Patrick (2003). A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11627-X.
- Kenney, Patrick (2006). The Burdens of Freedom, Zed Books Ltd.. ISBN 1-84277-662-2.
- Osa, Maryjane (2003). Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition, University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3874-8.
- Ost, David (2005). The Defeat Of Solidarity: Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe, Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4318-0, http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0801443180&id=KD8Q4RX375QC&vq=OPZZ&dq=OPZZ.
- Penn, Shana (2005). Solidarity's Secret : The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland, University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11385-2.
- Perdue, William D. (1995). Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland, Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-95295-9.
- Kubik, Jan (1994). The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The rise of Solidarity and the fall of state socialism in Poland, The Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 0-271-01084-3.
- Pope John Paul II, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, on Vatican website
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