Beta distribution

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Not to be confused with Beta function.

Beta
Probability density function
Cumulative distribution function
Parameters	$a > 0$ shape (real) $ß > 0$ shape (real)
Support	$x \in [0; 1]\!$
Probability density function (pdf)	$\frac{x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}} {\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)}\!$
Cumulative distribution function (cdf)	$I_x(\alpha,\beta)\!$
Mean	$\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta}\!$
Median
Mode	$\frac{\alpha-1}{\alpha+\beta-2}\!$ for $a > 1,ß > 1$
Variance	$\frac{\alpha\beta}{(\alpha+\beta)^2(\alpha+\beta+1)}\!$
Skewness	$\frac{2\,(\beta-\alpha)\sqrt{\alpha+\beta+1}}{(\alpha+\beta+2)\sqrt{\alpha\beta}}$
Excess kurtosis	see text
Entropy	see text
Moment-generating function (mgf)	$1 +\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \left( \prod_{r=0}^{k-1} \frac{\alpha+r}{\alpha+\beta+r} \right) \frac{t^k}{k!}$
Characteristic function	${}_1F_1(\alpha; \alpha+\beta; i\,t)\!$

In probability theory and statistics, the beta distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval [0, 1] parameterized by two positive shape parameters, typically denoted by a and ß. It is the special case of the Dirichlet distribution with only two parameters. Since the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior of the multinomial distribution, the beta distribution is the conjugate prior of the binomial distribution. In Bayesian statistics, it can be seen as the posterior distribution of the parameter p of a binomial distribution after observing a - 1 independent events with probability p and ß - 1 with probability 1 - p, if the prior distribution of p was uniform.

1 Characterization
- 1.1 Probability density function
- 1.2 Cumulative distribution function
2 Properties
3 Parameter estimation
4 Related distributions
5 Applications
6 References
7 External links

Characterization

Probability density function

The probability density function of the beta distribution is:

$f(x;\alpha,\beta) = \frac{x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}}{\int_0^1 u^{\alpha-1} (1-u)^{\beta-1}\, du} \!$

$= \frac{\Gamma(\alpha+\beta)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}\, x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\!$

$= \frac{1}{\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)}\, x ^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\!$

where $G$ is the gamma function. The beta function, B, appears as a normalization constant to ensure that the total probability integrates to unity.

Cumulative distribution function

The cumulative distribution function is

$F(x;\alpha,\beta) = \frac{\mathrm{B}_x(\alpha,\beta)}{\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)} = I_x(\alpha,\beta) \!$

where $B x (a,ß)$ is the incomplete beta function and $I x (a,ß)$ is the regularized incomplete beta function.

Properties

[] Moments

The expected value and variance of a beta random variable X with parameters a and ß are given by the formulae:

$\begin{align} \operatorname{E}(X) = & \frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta} \\ \operatorname{Var}(X) = & \frac{\alpha \beta}{(\alpha+\beta)^2(\alpha+\beta+1)} \end{align}$

The skewness is

$\frac{2 (\beta - \alpha) \sqrt{\alpha + \beta + 1} } {(\alpha + \beta + 2) \sqrt{\alpha \beta}}. \,\!$

The kurtosis excess is:

$6\,\frac{\alpha^3-\alpha^2(2\beta-1)+\beta^2(\beta+1)-2\alpha\beta(\beta+2)} {\alpha \beta (\alpha+\beta+2) (\alpha+\beta+3)}.\,\!$

Quantities of information

Given two beta distributed random variables, X ~ Beta(a, ß) and Y ~ Beta(a', ß'), the information entropy of X is

$\begin{align} H(X) &= \ln\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)-(\alpha-1)\psi(\alpha)-(\beta-1)\psi(\beta)+(\alpha+\beta-2)\psi(\alpha+\beta) \end{align} \,$

where $?$ is the digamma function.

The cross entropy is

$H(X,Y) = \ln\mathrm{B}(\alpha',\beta')-(\alpha'-1)\psi(\alpha)-(\beta'-1)\psi(\beta)+(\alpha'+\beta'-2)\psi(\alpha+\beta).\,$

It follows that the Kullback-Leibler divergence between these two beta distributions is

$D_{\mathrm{KL}}(X,Y) = \ln\frac{\mathrm{B}(\alpha',\beta')} {\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)} - (\alpha'-\alpha)\psi(\alpha) - (\beta'-\beta)\psi(\beta) + (\alpha'-\alpha+\beta'-\beta)\psi(\alpha+\beta).$

Shapes

The beta density function can take on different shapes depending on the values of the two parameters:

$\alpha = 1,\ \beta = 1$ is the uniform [0,1] distribution
$\alpha < 1,\ \beta < 1$ is U-shaped (red plot)
or is strictly decreasing (blue plot)
- $\alpha = 1,\ \beta > 2$ is strictly convex
- $\alpha = 1,\ \beta = 2$ is a straight line
- $\alpha = 1,\ 1 < \beta < 2$ is strictly concave
or is strictly increasing (green plot)
- $\alpha > 2,\ \beta = 1$ is strictly convex
- $\alpha = 2,\ \beta = 1$ is a straight line
- $1 < \alpha < 2,\ \beta = 1$ is strictly concave
$\alpha > 1,\ \beta > 1$ is unimodal (purple & black plots)

Moreover, if $a = ß$ then the density function is symmetric about 1/2 (red & purple plots).

Parameter estimation

Let

$\bar{x} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N x_i$

be the sample mean and

$v = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N (x_i - \bar{x})^2$

be the sample variance. The method-of-moments estimates of the parameters are

$\alpha = \bar{x} \left(\frac{\bar{x} (1 - \bar{x})}{v} - 1 \right),$

$\beta = (1-\bar{x}) \left(\frac{\bar{x} (1 - \bar{x})}{v} - 1 \right).$

If the distribution is required over an interval other than [0, 1], say $\scriptstyle [\ell,h]$ , then replace $\bar{x}$ with $\frac{(\bar{x}-\ell)}{(h-\ell)} ,$ and $\ v$ with $\frac{v}{(h-\ell)^2}$ in the above equations.^[1]^[2]

Related distributions

If X has a beta distribution, then T=X/(1-X) has a "beta distribution of the second kind", also called the beta prime distribution.
The connection with the binomial distribution is mentioned below.
The Beta(1,1) distribution is identical to the standard uniform distribution.
If X and Y are independently distributed Gamma(a, ?) and Gamma(ß, ?) respectively, then X / (X + Y) is distributed Beta(a,ß).
If X and Y are independently distributed Beta(a,ß) and F(2ß,2a) (Snedecor's F distribution with 2ß and 2a degrees of freedom), then Pr(X = a/(a+xß)) = Pr(Y > x) for all x > 0.
The beta distribution is a special case of the Dirichlet distribution for only two parameters.
The Kumaraswamy distribution resembles the beta distribution.
If $X \sim {\rm U}(0, 1]\,$ has a uniform distribution, then $X^2 \sim {\rm Beta}(1/2,1) \$ or for the 4 parameter case, $X^2 \sim {\rm Beta}(0,1,1/2,1) \$ which is a special case of the Beta distribution called the power-function distribution.
Binomial opinions in subjective logic are equivalent to Beta distributions.

Applications

Beta(i, j) with integer values of i and j is the distribution of the i-th order statistic (the i-th smallest value) of a sample of i + j - 1 independent random variables uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. The cumulative probability from 0 to x is thus the probability that the i-th smallest value is less than x, in other words, it is the probability that at least i of the random variables are less than x, a probability given by summing over the binomial distribution with its p parameter set to x. This shows the intimate connection between the beta distribution and the binomial distribution.

Beta distributions are used extensively in Bayesian statistics, since beta distributions provide a family of conjugate prior distributions for binomial (including Bernoulli) and geometric distributions. The Beta(0,0) distribution is an improper prior and sometimes used to represent ignorance of parameter values.

The beta distribution can be used to model events which are constrained to take place within an interval defined by a minimum and maximum value. For this reason, the beta distribution — along with the triangular distribution — is used extensively in PERT, critical path method (CPM) and other project management / control systems to describe the time to completion of a task. In project management, shorthand computations are widely used to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the beta distribution:

$\begin{align} \mu(X) & {} = \frac{a + 4b + c}{6} \\ \sigma(X) & {} = \frac{c-a}{6} \end{align}$

where a is the minimum, c is the maximum, and b is the most likely value.

These approximations are exact only for particular values of a and ß, specifically when^[3]:

$\alpha = 3 - \sqrt2$

$\beta = 3 + \sqrt2$

or vice versa.

These are notably poor approximations for most other beta distributions exhibiting average errors of 40% in the mean and 549% in the variance^[4]^[5]^[6]

References

^ Engineering Statistics Handbook
^ Brighton Webs Ltd. Data & Analysis Services for Industry & Education
^ Grubbs, Frank E. (1962). Attempts to Validate Certain PERT Statistics or ‘Picking on PERT’. Operations Research 10(6), p. 912-915.
^ Keefer, Donald L. and Verdini, William A. (1993). Better Estimation of PERT Activity Time Parameters. Management Science 39(9), p. 1986-1091.
^ Keefer, Donald L. and Bodily, Samuel E. (1983). Three-point Approximations for Continuous Random variables. Management Science 29(5), p. 595-609.
^ DRMI Newsletter, Issue 12, April 8, 2005

External links

Eric W. Weisstein, Beta Distribution at MathWorld.
"Beta Distribution" by Fiona Maclachlan, the Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007.
Beta Distribution - Overview and Example, xycoon.com
Beta Distribution, brighton-webs.co.uk

v • d • e

Probability distributions

Discrete univariate with finite support

Benford · Bernoulli · binomial · categorical · hypergeometric · Rademacher · discrete uniform · Zipf · Zipf-Mandelbrot

Discrete univariate with infinite support

Boltzmann · Conway-Maxwell-Poisson · compound Poisson · discrete phase-type · extended negative binomial · Gauss-Kuzmin · geometric · logarithmic · negative binomial · parabolic fractal · Poisson · Skellam · Yule-Simon · zeta

Continuous univariate supported on a bounded interval, e.g. [0,1]

Beta · Irwin-Hall · Kumaraswamy · raised cosine · triangular · U-quadratic · uniform · Wigner semicircle

Continuous univariate supported on a semi-infinite interval, usually [0,8)

Beta prime · Burr · chi-square · Coxian · Erlang · exponential · F · Fermi-Dirac · folded normal · Fréchet · Gamma · generalized extreme value · generalized inverse Gaussian · half-logistic · half-normal · Hotelling's T-square · hyper-exponential · hypoexponential · inverse chi-square (scale inverse chi-square) · inverse Gaussian · inverse gamma · Lévy · log-normal · log-logistic · Maxwell-Boltzmann · Maxwell speed · Nakagami · noncentral chi-square · Pareto · phase-type · Rayleigh · relativistic Breit–Wigner · Rice · Rosin–Rammler · shifted Gompertz · truncated normal · type-2 Gumbel · Weibull · Wilks' lambda

Continuous univariate supported on the whole real line (-8,8)

Cauchy · extreme value · exponential power · Fisher's z · Fisher-Tippett · generalized hyperbolic · hyperbolic secant · Landau · Laplace · Lévy skew alpha-stable · logistic · normal (Gaussian) · normal inverse Gaussian · skew normal · Student's t · type-1 Gumbel · Variance-Gamma · Voigt

Multivariate (joint)

Discrete: Ewens · Beta-binomial · multinomial · multivariate Polya Continuous: Dirichlet · Generalized Dirichlet · multivariate normal · multivariate Student · normal-scaled inverse gamma · normal-gamma Matrix-valued: inverse-Wishart · matrix normal · Wishart

Directional, degenerate, and singular

Directional: Kent · von Mises · von Mises–Fisher Degenerate: discrete degenerate · Dirac delta function Singular: Cantor

Families

exponential · natural exponential · location-scale · maximum entropy · Pearson · Tweedie

Categories: Continuous distributions | Factorial and binomial topics

Index Of Related Pages

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Beta globin	Beta globulin	Beta globulins
Beta glucan	Beta glucans	Beta glucosidase
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Betan	Betanatanana	Betances
Betancourt	Betancur	Betancuria
Betancuria, Las Palmas	Betandwin	Betandwin.com
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Betania monastery	Betanidine	Betanin
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Betanzos (surname)	Betanzos Region	Betapace
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Betazoids	Betazole	Betazole hydrochloride
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Bete Noire (NCIS)	Bete Noire (album)	Bete Noire (comic)
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Beteitiva	Betekhtin Range	Betel
Betel-Nut	Betel-nut	Betel Leaf
Betel Nut	Betel River	Betel container
Betel juice	Betel leaf	Betel leaves
Betel nut	Betel nut beauty	Betel nut girl
Betel nut girls	Betel nut tree	Betel nuts
Betel palm	Betelfaguy	Betelgeuese
Betelgeuse	Betelgeuse Five	Betelgeuse Seven
Betelgeuse in fiction	Betelgeuse incident	Betelgeusians
Betelgeux	Betelgeuze	Betelgiuse
Betelguese	Betelguise	Betelguse
Betelnut	Betelnut Beauty	Betelnut beauty
Betelnut palm	Betelu	Betemit

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